The significance of macrophage polarization subtypes for animal models of tissue fibrosis and human fibrotic diseases

Clinical and Translational Medicine

Table 1 Main monocyte and macrophage polarization population subsets

	Circulating monocytes		Differentiated macrophages
Phenotype	Inflammatory	Anti-inflammatory	Inflammatory	Tissue remodeling/profibrotic
Classical nomenclature	Ly6C ^hi (mouse)	Ly6C ^low (mouse)	M1	M2a	M2b	M2c
Classical nomenclature	CD14 ⁺⁺ CD16 ^- (human)	CD14 ^dim CD16++ (human)	M1	M2a	M2b	M2c
Differentiating agent			IFNγ	IL-4	ICs	IL-10
			TNF-α	IL-13	LPS	TGF-β
			LPS	IL-4 + LPS	LTR + IL-1R	GC
						IFN-β
						HDL
Markers	CCR1^hi	CCR2^low	CD86	CD163	CD86	CD163
	CCR2^hi	CCR5^hi	CD80	MHCII	MHCII	TLR1
	CX₃CR1^low	CX₃CR1^hi	MHCII^hi	SR		TLR8
	CD11b⁺	CD11b⁺	IL-1R	CD206
	CD115⁺	CD115⁺	TLR2	TGM2
	CD62L⁺	CD62L^-	TLR4	DecoyR
	CD11c^-	CD11c⁺	INOS
Cytokines produced	TNF-α	IL-10	TNF-α	IL-10	IL-4	IL-10
	IL-1β	TGF-β	IL-1β	TGF-β	IL-6	TGF-β
			IL-6	IL-1ra	IL-10
			IL-12		TNF-α
			IL-23
Chemokines produced	CCL2		CCL8-11	CCL17	CCL1	CCR2
			CCL2-5	CCL22
				CCL24

Classification scheme for human and murine monocyte and macrophage population subsets displaying their response to differentiating agents, expression of cell surface markers and the production of major cytokines and chemokines.