Table 1 Major acellular contributors to metastasis

CEA

Attachment of CTC to fibronectin

[5, 6]

CXCL8 (IL-8)

Tumor proliferation

[8]

VEGF

Angiogenesis

[9]

MAPK

Promotion of EMT

[9]

TGF-β

NF-κB

PAD

Catalyze citrullination of proteins

[10, 11]

MMP-2

Increased protein turnover in ECM

[13]

Periostin

MMP-9

Type I collagen

Induce metastatic properties of surrounding environment

[14, 41]

Type IV collagen

[15]

Major cellular contributors to metastasis

 Kupffer cells, TAM

M1 to M2 transition circumvents immunogenic response

[4, 12, 16, 18, 42]

 TAM

Immunosuppressive properties

[19, 25, 26]

 TAN

 MDSC

 LSEC

Increase angiogenesis, induce EMT

[4]

 HSC

Progenitors of CAF

[21, 22]