Table 1 Proportion of never smokers among COPD patients and associated risk factors
From: The role of environmental exposure to non-cigarette smoke in lung disease
Study center and design | Participants | Age (years) | Proportion of never smokers among COPD patients (%) | Risk factors for COPD in never-smokers | References | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Overall | Male | Female | |||||
Multinational (35 centres, 16 countries; ECRHS) | 17,966 | 20–44 | 17.0 | 13.4 | 21.6 | Occupational exposure to vapours, gas, dust, or fumes | Cerveri et al. [33] |
Malataya, Turkey (CS) | 1160 | > 18 | 22.5 | Exposure to biomass smoke | Gunen et al. [34] | ||
China (CPH; nationwide CS) | 50,991 | > 20 | 50.5 | 10.1 | 91.7 | Exposure to biomass fuel smoke and PM2.5, parental history of respiratory disease | Wang et al. [28] |
South Africa (nationwide survey) | 13,826 | > 18 | 47·6 | 24.8 | 61.0 | Biomass fuel, occupational exposure, history of pulmonary tuberculosis | Ehrlich et al. [35] |
Maswa, Tanzania (CS) | 869 | > 35 | 62.1 | – | – | Magitta et al. [36] | |
Västra Götaland and Norrbotten, Sweden (CS) | 1839 | 21–78 | 21 | – | – | Occupational exposure to gas, dust and fumes | Hagstad et al. [37] |
Copenhegen, Denmark (CS) | 68,501 | 20–100 | 22.3 | 18.9 | 25.5 | Thomsen et al. [38] | |
Multinational 12 countries; population-based survey) | 73,745 | > 40 | 36 (24 USA-64 Mexico) | 21 | 49 | Landis et al. [39] | |