Combination therapy to checkmate Glioblastoma: clinical challenges and advances

Clinical and Translational Medicine

Table 2 Molecular marker based disease prognosis in Glioblastoma multiforme

Markers	Genetic/epigenetic alteration	Pathway affected	Prognosis	References
MGMT	Promoter methylation	DNA mismatch repair	Better	[125]
EGFR	Gene mutation/partial deletion [EGFRΔIII]	PI3K/AKT/MAPK	Poor	[126]
IDH1	Point mutation [R132H]	G-CIMP and metabolic alteration	Better	[127]
G-CIMP	Hypermethylation	Global epigenetic alteration	Better	[18, 39, 40]
ATRX	Gene mutation	Alternative telomere lengthening	Poor	[45, 46]
TP53	Gene mutation	p53	Unknown	[42]
PTEN	Gene mutation	PI3K/AKT/MAPK	Poor
1p19q deletion	CIC and FUBP mutation	Not clearly known	Better	[48]
SRC	Phosphorylation	Integrin signaling	Better	[49]
RPS6	Phosphorylation	mTOR	Poor	[49]