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Table 3 Ongoing clinical trials investigating combination regimens incorporating systemic therapies and immune checkpoint inhibitors in pancreatic cancer

From: Combination systemic therapies with immune checkpoint inhibitors in pancreatic cancer: overcoming resistance to single-agent checkpoint blockade

Study/phase

n (patients needed)

Setting

Regimen

Primary outcome

NCT02648282/phase II

54

Locally advanced

CY + GVAX + PD-1 + SBRT

Distant metastasis free survival

NCT02451982/phase I/II

50

Neoadjuvant/adjuvant

CY/GVAX vs. CY/GVAX + nivolumab

Median IL17A expression

NCT03190265/phase II

63

Metastatic

Nivolumab/ipilimumab/CRS-207 + CY/GVAX vs. Nivolumab/ipilimumab/CRS-207

ORR

NCT03168139/phase I/II

20

Metastatic

Olaptesed pegol + pembrolizumab

Pharmacodynamics + safety

NCT03161379/phase II

50

Neoadjuvant

CY/GVAX + nivolumab + SBRT

Pathologic complete response

NCT03006302/phase II

70

Metastatic

Epacadostat/pembrolizumab/CRS-207 + CY/GVAX vs. Epacadostat/pembrolizumab/CRS-207

Recommended Dose of Epacadostat + 6 Month Survival

NCT03481920/phase I

24

Locally advanced/metastatic

Pegylated Hyaluronidase + avelumab

ORR + safety

NCT02734160/phase I

37

Metastatic

Galunisertib + durvalumab

DLT

NCT02983578/phase II

75

Locally advanced/metastatic

AZD9150 (antisense STAT3) + durvalumab

Disease Control Rate

NCT03451773/phase Ib/II

41

Locally advanced/metastatic

M7824 (TGF-beta + PD-L1 inhibitor) + gemcitabine

Safety and tolerability

NCT02403271/phase Ib/II

124

Locally advanced/metastatic

Ibrutinib + durvalumab

ORR + safety and tolerability

NCT01896869/phase II

92

Metastatic

Ipilimumab + vaccine vs. FOLFIRINOX

OS

NCT02451982/phase I/II

50

Neoadjuvant/adjuvant

CY (day 0) + GVAX (day 1 and 6–10 days after surgery ×4 + adjuvant CRT vs. CY (day 0) + GVAX (day 1 and 6–10 weeks after surgery ×4 + nivolumab (day 0 and 6–10 weeks after surgery)

Median IL17A expression

NCT02548169/phase I

20

Neoadjuvant

Arm A: Dendritic cell vaccine + standard of care chemotherapy

Arm B: Dendritic cell vaccine + standard of care chemotherapy in metastatic disease

Safety and feasibility

NCT02243371/phase II

96

Metastatic

Arm A: CRS-207 + GVAX + nivolumab

Arm B: CRS-207 + GVAX

OS

NCT02268825/phase I

39

Locally advanced/metastatic

Pembrolizumab + FOLFOX

Safety

NCT02303990/phase I

70

Locally advanced/metastatic

Pembrolizumab + RT

Adverse events

NCT02930902/phase Ib

30

Neoadjuvant

Pembrolizumab + paricalcitol vs. pembrolizumab + paricalcitol & standard chemo

Toxicity profile, Number of Tumor Infiltrating Lymphocytes

NCT03264404/phase II

31

Locally advanced/metastatic

Pembrolizumab + azacitadine

PFS

NCT02907099/phase II

15

Metastatic

BL-8040 + pembrolizumab

ORR

NCT02648282/phase II

54

Locally advanced

CY + GVAX + pembrolizumab + SBRT

Distant Metastasis Free Survival

NCT02546531/phase I

50

Locally advanced

Dose escalation and expansion: defactinib + pembrolizumab + gemcitabine

Recommended phase II dose

NCT02758587Phase I/II

59

Locally advanced

Defactinib + pembrolizumab

Adverse events

NCT03519308/phase I

20

Perioperative

nivolumab + nab-paclitaxel + gemcitabine + paricalcitol vs. nivolumab vs. nab-paclitaxel vs. gemcitabine

Adverse events

NCT03336216/phase II

160

Locally advanced/metastatic

Arm A: Gemcitabine/nab-paclitaxel or 5-fluorouracil/leucovorin/irinotecan

Arm B: Cabiralizumab and nivolumab

Arm C: cabiralizumab/nivolumab + gemcitabine/abraxane

Arm D: cabiralizumab/nivolumab + oxaliplatin/5- fluorouracil/leucovorin

PFS

NCT03104439/phase II

80

MSI/MSS

Nivolumab + ipilimumab + RT

Disease control rate

NCT03214250/phase Ib/II

105

Metastatic

Arm A: Gemcitabine + nab-paclitaxel + nivolumab

Arm B: Gemcitabine + nab-paclitaxel + APX005M (CD40 agonistic monoclonal antibody)

Arm C: Gemcitabine + nab-paclitaxel + nivolumab + APX005 M

Adverse events, OS

NCT03404960/phase 1b/II

84

Locally advanced/metastatic

Niraparib + nivolumab

PFS

NCT03184870/phase I/II

260

Metastatic

Arm A: BMS-813160 + 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) + leucovorin + irinotecan

Arm B: BMS-813160 + nab/paclitaxel + gemcitabine

Arm C: BMS-813160 + nivolumab

Arm D: BMS-813160

Adverse events, death, ORR, PFS

NCT03250273/phase II

54

Metastatic

Entinostat + nivolumab

ORR

NCT02754726/phase II

10

Metastatic

Nivolumab + paclitaxel + paricalcitol + cisplatin + gemcitabine

Complete response rate

NCT03373188/phase I

32

Neoadjuvant

Arm A: surgery only

Arm B: VX15/2503 (anti-SEMA4D monoclonal antibody) + surgery

Arm C: VX15/2503 + ipilimumab + surgery

Arm D: VX15/2503 + nivolumab + surgery

Tumor CD8 + T cell infiltration between treatment groups

NCT03098550/phase I/II

120

Locally advanced/metastatic

Nivolumab + daratumumab

Tolerability

NCT02777710/phase I

58

Locally advanced/metastatic

Pexidartinib + durvalumab

Dose limiting toxicities, ORR

NCT02866383/phase II

80

Metastatic

Arm A: Nivolumab + RT

Arm B: Nivolumab + ipilimumab + RT

Clinical benefit rate

NCT03098160/phase I

69

Locally advanced/metastatic

Evofosfamide + Ipilimumab

Recommended phase II dose

NCT02879318/phase II

180

Metastatic

Arm A: Gemcitabine + nab-paclitaxel

Arm B: Gemcitabine + nab-paclitaxel + durvalumab + tremelimumab

OS

NCT02658214/phase Ib

42

Locally advanced/metastatic

Durvalumab + tremelimumab + nab-paclitaxel + gemcitabine

Adverse events, tumor assessment, laboratory findings

  1. PD-1 programmed cell death protein 1 receptor, PD-L1 programmed death ligand 1, CTLA-4 cytotoxic T-lymphocyte associated protein 4, CY cyclophosphamide, ORR objective response rate, DLT dose-limiting toxicities, FOLFIRINOX folinic acid, 5-fluorouracil, irinotecan, and oxaliplatin, OS overall survival, GVAX GVAX, allogeneic pancreatic tumor cells transfected with granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) gene, SBRT stereotactic body radiation therapy, TGF transforming growth factor, FOLFOX 5-fluorouracil, folinic acid, and oxaliplatin, PFS progression-free survival, MSI/MSS microsatellite instability/microsatellite stable, RT radiotherapy