Fig. 3
From: Cytokines, breast cancer stem cells (BCSCs) and chemoresistance
Retinoic acid signaling catalyzed by ALDH modulates the chemoresistance of cancer cells. Retinal is oxidized into retinoic acid by ALDH and then binds with RARs or RXRs. Activated RAR and RXR forms heterodimer to bind with retinoic acid response element, promoting the transcription of retinoic acid-responsive genes of which some play a vital role in driving chemotherapeutic resistance. In addition, RXRs can assemble into a homodimer to modulate the transcription while RARs cannot