Fig. 4
From: Heterogeneity in retinoblastoma: a tale of molecules and models
Overview of the molecular pathways involved in regulating the cell cycle, differentiation and apoptosis. Different strategies have been proposed for direct and indirect targeting of p53, MYCN and OTX2 in retinoblastoma. Nutlin-3 has been shown to stabilize p53. Taking inspiration from neuroblastoma treatments, MYCN activity can be blocked by disruption of the MYCN/MAX dimerization complex, or introduction of MYCN protein destabilization via aurora kinase A inhibitors. Pharmacologic inhibition of OTX2 activity via all-trans retinoic acid (ATRA) can increase differentiation and apoptosis and decrease proliferation in cancer cells