Table 1 List of lipids identified as probable diagnostic markers in biological fluids

1

Serum

Glycerophosphoserine (PS)

PS(O-16:0/20:2)

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC)

[62]

PS(O-18:0/22:6)

PS(O-18:0/22:4)

Glycerophosphocholines (PC)

(PC(15:0/20:3))

Gycerophosophoinositols (PI)

PI(O-16:0/20:1)

Phospholipids/sphingomyelin (SM)

SM 16:0/1

Lung tumor

[64]

LPC 18:1, 20:3, 20:4 and 22:6

Phospholipids

PC 38:5, 40:3 and 42:2

Prostate cancer

PC 36:9

[65, 66]

FA 22:3

2

Plasma

d18:1/14:0—SM

Gaucher’s disease

[63]

3 

Urine

Triglycerides (TG)

Nephrotic syndrome

[80]

Phosphatidylcholines (PC)

Phosphatidylethanolamine (PE)

Phosphatidylserine (PS)

Phosphatidylserine (PS)

PS 18:1/18:1 and 18:2/18:0

Breast cancer

[84]

Phosphoinositol (PI)

Phosphatidylserine (PS)

PS 18:0/18:1

Prostate cancer

[85]

PS 16:0/22:6

PS 18:1/18:0

PS 18:0/25:0

4

Urine exosome

Phosphatidylserine (PS)

PS 18:1/18:1

Prostate cancer

[86]

Lactosylceramide

d18:1/16:0

PS 18:0–18:2

5

Cerebrospinal fluid

Glycerophospholipids (PL)

Alzheimer’s disease

[87]

Sphingolipids (SL)

6

Tear

Phospholipids (PL)

Dry eye syndrome

[95]

Sphingolipids (SL)

Cholesteryl sulfate (CS)

Glycophospholipids

7

Aqueous humor 

Diacylglycerophosphocholines (DAG-PC)

Primary open angle glaucoma

[96, 99]

1-ether 2-acylglycerophosphocholines (PC)

Sphingomyelins (SM)

Phosphocholines (PC)