Table 1 Small molecules used to induce cellularization, a key step of salamander limb regeneration, in mammalian myotubes
Structure | Name | Myotube type | Reference | Mechanism | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| BpV [dipotassium bisperoxo (5-hydroxypyridine-2-carboxyl) oxovanadate (V)] | Primary mouse myotubes | [29] | Tyrosine phosphatase inhibitor | 10 µM; used in combination with staurosporine and Q-VD |
| BIO (6-bromoindirubin-3-oxime) | Mouse C2C12 myotubes and primary mouse myotubes | [33] | Glycogen synthase kinase-3β inhibitor | 2.5 µM; used in combination with myoseverin and reversine |
| DIDS (5-isothiocyanato-2-[2-(4-isothiocyanato-2-sulfophenyl)ethenyl]benzene-1-sulfonic acid) | Mouse C2C12 myotubes | [35] | Voltage-dependent anionic channel blocker | 100 µM; used in combination with staurosporine and Q-VD/Z-VAD |
| Lysopho-phatidic acid | Mouse C2C12 myotubes | [33] | G-protein-coupled receptor activator | 30 µM; used in combination with myoseverin and reversine |
| Myoseverin [9-isoproyl-N2,N6-bis-(4-methoxybenxyl)-9H-purine-2,6-diamine] | Mouse C2C12 myotubes and primary mouse myotubes | Microtubule disruption | 20 µM; used in combination with BIO/lysopho-phatidic acid/SB203580/SQ22536 and reversine | |
| Q-VD (N-(2-quinolyl)-l-valyl-l-aspartyl-(2,6-difluorophenoxy) methylketone) | Mouse C2C12 myotubes and primary mouse myotubes | Pancaspase inhibitor | 10 µM; used in combination with staurosporine and BpV | |
| Reversine [2-(4-morpholinoanilino)-6-cyclohexylaminopurine] | Mouse C2C12 myotubes and primary mouse myotubes | [33] | Aurora kinase inhibitor | 250Â nM; used in combination with myoseverin and BIO/lysopho-phatidic acid/SB203580/SQ22536 |
| SB203580 [4-(4-fluorophenyl)-2-(4-methylsulfinylphenyl)-5-(4-pyridyl)-1H-imidazole] | Mouse C2C12 myotubes | [33] | p38 MAP kinase inhibitor | 10 µM; used in combination with myoseverin and reversine |
| Staurosporine | Mouse A1/C2C12 myotubes and primary mouse myotubes | [35] | ATP-competitive kinase inhibitor | 1 µM; used in combination with DIDS/and Q-VD/Z-VAD |
| SQ22536 [9-(tetrahydro-2-furanyl]-9H-purin-6-amine) | Mouse C2C12 myotubes | [33] | Adenylyl cyclase inhibitor | 300 µM; used in combination with myoseverin and reversine |
| Z-VAD [N-benzyloxycarbonyl-Val-Ala-Asp(O-Me)] | Mouse C2C12 myotubes | [35] | Pancaspase inhibitor | 10 µM; used in combination with staurosporine and DIS |
