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Clinical and Translational Medicine

Table 2 Cellular sources of ROS

From: Mitochondria, cholesterol and cancer cell metabolism

Source

Cellular compartment

Primary radical generated

Complex IF

Mitochondria

\(\rm{O_{2^-}}\)

Complex IQ

Mitochondria

\(\rm{O_{2^-}}\)

Complex IIF

Mitochondria

\(\rm{O_{2^-}}\)

Complex IIQ0

Mitochondria

\(\rm{O_{2^-}}\)

mGPDH

Mitochondria

\(\rm{O_{2^-}}\)

ETFQOR

Mitochondria

\(\rm{O_{2^-}}\)

PDH

Mitochondria

\(\rm{O_{2^-}}\)

OGDH

Mitochondria

\(\rm{O_{2^-}}\)

BCKDH

Mitochondria

\(\rm{O_{2^-}}\)

P66shc

Mitochondria, cytoplasm

H2O2

NOS

Cytoplasm

NO

NOX family

Cytoplasm, cell membrane

\(\rm{O_{2^-}}\)

Xantine oxidase

Cytoplasm, peroxisome

H2O2

Cytochrome p450 family

Endoplasmic reticulum

\(\rm{O_{2^-}}\)

H2O2

  1. CI F complex I flavin site, CI Q complex I ubiquinone site, CII F complex II flavin site and CIII Q0 complex IIIQo are sites of the mitochondrial ETC, mGPDH Mitochondrial glycerol 3-phosphate dehydrogenase, ETFQOR electron-trasferring flavoprotein ubiquinone oxidoreductase, PDH pyruvate dehydrogenase, OGDH 2-oxoglutarate dehydrogenase and BCKDH branched-chain 2-oxoacid dehydrogenase are mitochondrial enzymes capable of generate ROS. Upon stress signaling, cytosolic p66Shc translocates to mitochondria to directly stimulate hydrogen peroxide generation. Nitric oxide synthase (NOS) produces NO.by facilitating the conversion of l-arginine to l-citruline. NADPH oxidase family of enzymes (NOX) transfer electrons from NADPH to O2 to produce O2 −. Other cellular enzymes incuding xanthine oxidase and cytochrome p450 families also participate in ROS generation in normal biological reactions and in chemicals or xenobiotics detoxification reactions
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