Table 1 Lung adenocarcinoma and squamous cell carcinoma mutations, incidence, downstream effects, and targeted therapies

Adenocarcinomas

 EGFR (mut)

~15

↑ Proliferation, survival, angiogenesis, and metastasis

Gefitinib, erlotinib, afatinib, AZD9291, AZD8931

[10, 11]

 EML4-ALK (fus)

2–7

↑Proliferation, survival, and migration

Crizotinib, ceritinib, alectinib

[11, 79, 80]

 KRAS (mut)

~30

↑ Chemoresistance, proliferation, and survival

N/A

[10]

 MET (amp)

3–5

↑ Cell survival, proliferation, and metastasis

Tivantinib, crizotinib cabozantinib, ornatuzumab

[11, 13, 24, 81]

 ROS1 (fus)

1–2

↑ Survival

Foretinib & crizotinib

[13, 24]

 RET (fus)

1–2

↑Proliferation

Carbozantinib, vandetanib, ponatinib

[11]

 BRAF (mut)

5–10

↑ Resistance to EGFR inhibitors, proliferation, and survival

Debrafenib, sorafenib

[10, 24]

 TP53 (mut)

46

↑ Growth, ↓ apoptosis

N/A

[10, 11]

Squamous cell carcinomas

 FGFR1 (amp)

16–25

↑ Proliferation, survival, and chemoresistance; ↓ patient prognosis

Nintendanib, ponatinib, AZD4547, dovitinib

[9, 11, 12, 82]

 PIK3CA (mut)

8–18

↑ Proliferation and survival

Buparlisib, PX-866, BYL719, GDC-0941 or inhibitors for AKT: AZD5363, MK-2206

[9, 11, 13, 24, 82]

 DDR2 (mut)

4

↑ Cell migration, invasion, proliferation, and survival

Dasatinib

[9, 13]

 MET (amp)

3

↑ Cell survival, proliferation, and metastasis

Tivantinib, crizotinib cabozantinib, onartuzumab

[12, 24, 81]

 SOX2

21

↑ Proliferation

N/A

[9]

 PTEN (mut & del)

15–29

↑PI3K signaling, proliferation, and survival

PI3K inhibitors: buparlisib, PX-866, BYL719, GDC-0941 or inhibitors for AKT: AZD5363, MK-2206

[9, 11, 24, 82]

 TP53 (mut)

81

↑ Growth, ↓ apoptosis

N/A

[9, 11, 12]

 CDKN2A (del)

51

↑ Growth

N/A

[9]