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Table 1 Small molecules and pancreatic β-cell regeneration

From: Cellular reprogramming for pancreatic β-cell regeneration: clinical potential of small molecule control

Chemical

Target

Source

Reference

Notes

Indolactam V

Pancreas progenitor

Human/mouse definitive endoderm

[62]

PKC activator.

Induce definitive endoderm (IDE 1 (above) and IDE 2 (below)

Endoderm

Mouse ESCs

[63]

TGF-β activator. Enables induction of pancreatic progenitors from mESCs with Indolactam V

Retinoic acid (RA)

Pancreatic cells, β-cells

Definitive endoderm

[64, 65]

 

Swertisin

Islet-like cell clusters

Mouse NIH3T3 cells

[66]

 

WS6

-

β-cells

[67]

IκB kinase pathway activator (Promotes proliferation of β cells)

BRD7552

-

Human islets and ductal cells

[68]

PDX1 expression.

5-aza-2’-deoxycytidine (5-AZA)

Pancreatic endocrine cells

PANC-1 human ductal cell line

[69]

DNA methylation inhibitor.

    
  1. Abbreviations, PKC protein kinase C, ESCs embryonic stem cells, TGF-β transforming growth factor β.