Table 1 Small molecules and pancreatic β-cell regeneration
| Chemical | Target | Source | Reference | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Indolactam V | Pancreas progenitor | Human/mouse definitive endoderm | [62] | PKC activator. |
| ||||
| Induce definitive endoderm (IDE 1 (above) and IDE 2 (below) | Endoderm | Mouse ESCs | [63] | TGF-β activator. Enables induction of pancreatic progenitors from mESCs with Indolactam V |
| ||||
| Retinoic acid (RA) | Pancreatic cells, β-cells | Definitive endoderm | [64, 65] | |
| ||||
| Swertisin | Islet-like cell clusters | Mouse NIH3T3 cells | [66] | |
| ||||
| WS6 | - | β-cells | [67] | IκB kinase pathway activator (Promotes proliferation of β cells) |
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| BRD7552 | - | Human islets and ductal cells | [68] | PDX1 expression. |
| ||||
| 5-aza-2’-deoxycytidine (5-AZA) | Pancreatic endocrine cells | PANC-1 human ductal cell line | [69] | DNA methylation inhibitor. |
|