From: SOX2 and cancer: current research and its implications in the clinic
Cancer type | Function in the clinic | References |
---|---|---|
Breast | Promotes Tamoxifen resistance via WNT signaling activation in CSCs | |
ZF-based ATF therapy effective for downregulation of SOX2 | ||
Expression correlates with TNM stage and histological grade | ||
Colorectal | Prognostic marker for metastasis | |
Associated with poor patient prognosis | ||
Associated with distant metastasis and lymph-node metastasis | ||
Esophageal | Co-expression with OCT3/4 significantly associated with higher histological stage | |
Co-expression with OCT3/4 correlated to poorer survival | ||
Co-expression with SALL4 correlates to depth of tumor invasion and metastasis | ||
CD44 and SOX2 is correlated to poor survival | ||
Gastric | Associated with poor prognosis | |
SOX2 methylation correlates to significantly shorter survival time | ||
Predicts immunotherapy response | ||
Hepatocellular carcinoma | Expression correlates with metastasis | [47] |
Expression correlates with low survival rate | ||
Lung, NSCLC, Squamous cell lung cancer | Associated with better survival independent of histological subtype | |
Expression is a positive prognostic marker | ||
SOX2 amplification and upregulation are frequent events linked to favorable prognosis | ||
Important tumor-associated antigen | ||
Associates SOX2-positive T-cells to patient response to immunotherapy | ||
Increases resistance to EGFR inhibitors | ||
Melanoma | Novel biomarker for normal skin subpopulation responsible for tumorigenesis | |
SOX2 and Nestin differentiate between nevi and melanoma metastasis | ||
SOX2 and Nestin powerful diagnostic tools | ||
Ovarian | Expression directly proportional to higher degree of malignancy | |
Responsible for CSC therapy resistance | ||
Rectal | Predicts poor distance recurrence for preoperative CRT patients | [91] |
Predicts poor prognosis for preoperative CRT patients | ||
Sinonasal | SOX2 amplification identifies carcinomas more likely to relapse | [71] |